A comparative assessment of air pollutants of smog in wagah border and other sites in Lahore, Pakistan / Uma avaliação comparativa de poluentes do ar do smog na fronteira de wagah e outros sites em Lahore, Paquistão

Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups' levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.

Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados ​​em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados ​​estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.

Assessment of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air of different settings and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan / Avaliação de material particulado (MP) no ar ambiente de diferentes configurações e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão

Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p<0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.

O material particulado (MP) é um importante poluente do ar que causa sérios problemas de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir a concentração de MP no ar ambiente e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão. Vinte e três amostras foram coletadas em várias instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias na cidade de Haripur. A concentração de MP2,5 (µg/m3) e MP10 (µg/m3) foi medida por meio do contador de MP portátil Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A. Os resultados revelaram que os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 estavam acima dos limites permitidos (35 µg/m3 para MP2,5 e 150 µg/m3 para MP10) estabelecidos pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental do Paquistão (Pak-EPA) em todas as instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias investigadas. Além disso, foi encontrada variação significativa (p < 0,05) na concentração de MP2,5 e MP10 em todos os locais estudados. A concentração de MP2,5 correlacionou-se positivamente com a concentração de MP10 em todos os locais de amostragem. Portanto, a partir da escala padrão 1-14 do índice de saúde, os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 mostraram que a qualidade do ar ambiente na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão, está sob alto risco. Se as autoridades reguladoras, como a Pak-EPA, o Departamento de Saúde e o governo local, monitorarem a poluição por MP em diferentes configurações da cidade de Haripur, pode ser que haja uma diminuição no nível de poluição. As medidas que podem ser tomadas para superar o problema da poluição do ar ambiente, como o MP, são o plantio de árvores nos locais onde há maiores níveis de poluentes atmosféricos, o uso de máscaras e a implantação de sistema de controle de poluição nas propriedades industriais de Hattar, na cidade Haripur, Paquistão.

A comparative assessment of air pollutants of smog in wagah border and other sites in Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.

Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.

Assessment of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air of different settings and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p 0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.

Resumo O material particulado (MP) é um importante poluente do ar que causa sérios problemas de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir a concentração de MP no ar ambiente e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão. Vinte e três amostras foram coletadas em várias instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias na cidade de Haripur. A concentração de MP2,5 (µg/m3) e MP10 (µg/m3) foi medida por meio do contador de MP portátil Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A. Os resultados revelaram que os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 estavam acima dos limites permitidos (35 µg/m3 para MP2,5 e 150 µg/m3 para MP10) estabelecidos pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental do Paquistão (Pak-EPA) em todas as instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias investigadas. Além disso, foi encontrada variação significativa (p 0,05) na concentração de MP2,5 e MP10 em todos os locais estudados. A concentração de MP2,5 correlacionou-se positivamente com a concentração de MP10 em todos os locais de amostragem. Portanto, a partir da escala padrão 1-14 do índice de saúde, os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 mostraram que a qualidade do ar ambiente na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão, está sob alto risco. Se as autoridades reguladoras, como a Pak-EPA, o Departamento de Saúde e o governo local, monitorarem a poluição por MP em diferentes configurações da cidade de Haripur, pode ser que haja uma diminuição no nível de poluição. As medidas que podem ser tomadas para superar o problema da poluição do ar ambiente, como o MP, são o plantio de árvores nos locais onde há maiores níveis de poluentes atmosféricos, o uso de máscaras e a implantação de sistema de controle de poluição nas propriedades industriais de Hattar, na cidade Haripur, Paquistão.

A case-crossover study on the impact of air pollution on the number of pediatric respiratory outpatient and emergency visits in a hospital in Shanghai / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the correlation between the concentration of air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2) and the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases in a general hospital in Shanghai. Methods Data including pediatric respiratory disease outpatient and emergency visits in a hospital in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from May 1, 2013 to March 20, 2022 were collected. Daily concentration of air pollutants including PM10, SO2 and NO2 and meteorological data in Pudong New Area during the same period were collected. A case-crossover study with distributed lag non-linear model was conducted to explore the correlation between air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2) and the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases. Results The concentrations of PM10, SO2 and NO2 were positively with the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases. The strongest cumulative effect was observed on six days lag (Lag0-5) for PM10. For a 10 μg/m3 increase of the concentrations of PM10, the corresponding increase of cumulative pediatric respiratory disease outpatients was 1.10% (95%CI:0.97%, 1.23%) in Lag0-5. The strongest cumulative effect was observed on eight days lag (Lag0-7) for SO2 and NO2. For a 10 μg /m3 increase of the concentrations of SO2 and NO2, the corresponding increase of cumulative pediatric respiratory disease outpatients was 5.64% (95%CI:5.16%, 6.13%) and 5.41% (95%CI:5.15%, 5.66%) in Lag 0-7, respectively. The association of PM10 and SO2 with the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in males was significantly stronger than that in females. The impact of PM10 on the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in children aged 0-6 was higher than that in children aged 7-14, while the impact of SO2 and NO2 on the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in children aged 7-14 was higher than that in children aged 0-6. Conclusion The concentration of ambient PM10, SO2, and NO2 is positively correlated with outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases, with obvious lag and cumulative effect. Boys and children aged 0-6 are more susceptible to the hazard of air pollution.

Queima de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar e hospitalizações de crianças e idosos por agravos respiratórios em Pernambuco, Brasil / Burning of sugarcane biomass and hospitalizations of children and older adults for respiratory problems in Pernambuco State, Brazil / Quema de biomasa de caña de azúcar y hospitalizaciones de niños y ancianos por enfermedades respiratorias en Pernambuco, Brasil

Resumo: Este estudo buscou analisar a relação entre as hospitalizações por agravos respiratórios e a queima regular da cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal correspondente ao período de 2008 a 2018. Foram comparadas as taxas de hospitalizações por agravos respiratórios em crianças menores de 5 anos e em idosos maiores de 60 anos em municípios produtores e não produtores de cana-de-açúcar, por meio da análise estatística não paramétrica de Mann-Whitney. Conjuntamente, foi observada a distribuição mensal das ocorrências de focos de calor nos municípios casos e controles e aplicada a correlação de Pearson para analisar a associação entre ambas as variáveis. Foi verificado que, para ambos os grupos etários, as taxas de hospitalizações são maiores nos municípios produtores de cana-de-açúcar, com diferença estatística significativa p < 0,005. A taxa de internação hospitalar em idosos é 28% mais elevada nos municípios casos, sendo ainda maior em crianças menores de 5 anos, cuja razão das medianas é 40%. No entanto, foi identificado que o comportamento sazonal das hospitalizações por agravos respiratórios diverge do observado na distribuição mensal dos focos de calor, não havendo correlação estatística significativa. Esses achados sugerem possível associação com a exposição crônica aos particulados emitidos pela queima de biomassa, comprometendo a saúde de grupos vulneráveis, e endossam a necessidade de substituição das queimadas no monocultivo da cana-de-açúcar, bem como a estruturação de políticas públicas de proteção à saúde humana e ambiental.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between hospitalizations for respiratory problems and the regular burning of sugarcane in Pernambuco State, Brazil. This is an ecological time series study corresponding to the period from 2008 to 2018. The rates of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in children aged under 5 years and in adults older than 60 years in sugarcane-producing and non-producing municipalities were compared using nonparametric Mann-Whitney statistical analysis. Together, we observed the monthly distribution of the hot spots occurrences in the case and control municipalities and applied Pearson's correlation to analyze the association between both variables. For both age groups, hospitalization rates are higher in sugarcane-producing municipalities, with a statistically significant difference p < 0.005. The rate of hospitalization in older adults is 28% higher in the case municipalities, and is even higher in children aged under 5 years whose ratio of the medians is 40%. However, the seasonal behavior of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases differs from that observed in the monthly distribution of hot spots, without statistically significant correlation. These findings suggest a possible association with chronic exposure to particulates emitted by biomass burning, compromising the health of vulnerable groups, and endorse the need to replace fires in the monoculture of sugarcane and to structure public policies to protect human and environmental health.

Resumen: Este estudio buscó analizar la relación entre las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias y la quema regular de caña de azúcar en Pernambuco, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de serie temporal correspondiente al período entre 2008 y 2018. Las tasas de hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias en niños menores de 5 años y en ancianos mayores de 60 años en municipios productores de caña de azúcar y en los municipios no productores de azúcar se compararon mediante el análisis estadístico no paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Se observó en conjunto la distribución mensual de las ocurrencias de puntos calientes en los casos y controles de los municipios, y se aplicó la correlación de Pearson para analizar la asociación entre ambas variables. Se encontró que, para ambos grupos de edad, las tasas de hospitalización fueron más altas en los municipios productores de caña de azúcar, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa p < 0,005. La tasa de hospitalización de los ancianos fue un 28% mayor en los municipios casos, y aún mayor que la de los niños menores de 5 años cuya relación de las medianas fue del 40%. Sin embargo, se identificó que el comportamiento estacional de las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias difiere de lo observado en la distribución mensual de puntos calientes, sin correlación estadística significativa. Estos hallazgos evidencian una posible asociación con la exposición crónica a partículas emitidas por la quema de biomasa, lo que afecta la salud de los grupos vulnerables, además apuntan a la necesidad de implementar medidas contra los incendios en el monocultivo de la caña de azúcar y políticas públicas para proteger la salud humana y el medioambiente.

HeLP: Development of occupational protection mask against surgical smoke / HeLP: Desarrollo de máscara de protección ocupacional contra el humo quirúrgico / HeLP: Desenvolvimento de máscara de proteção ocupacional contra a fumaça cirúrgica

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe a technological innovation in the development of an individual, ergonomic, sustainable and effective occupational respiratory protection mask for workers exposed to surgical smoke. Methods: applied, exploratory, quantitative research, using design methods and tools: Sense Intent, Know Context, Know People, Frame Insights, Explore Concepts, Frame Solutions, Realize Offerings, in addition to the Product Development Process tools. It was developed from March 2019 to December 2021. Results: from the prototyping mold, it became possible to represent the abstract to the physical, where all the concepts created in the methodological steps were implemented and the necessary adjustments were made to create the model as a technological innovation, which will have the concept for product commercialization. Conclusions: a mask for protection against surgical smoke (HeLP) was developed, from the design step to the prototype development, being a technological innovation.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir una innovación tecnológica en el desarrollo de una máscara de protección respiratoria ocupacional individual, ergonómica, sostenible y eficaz para trabajadores expuestos al humo quirúrgico. Métodos: investigación exploratoria aplicada con un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando métodos y herramientas de diseño: Sense Intent, Know Context, Know People, Frame Insights, Explore Concepts, Frame Solutions, Realize Offers, además de las herramientas del Proceso de Desarrollo de Producto. Fue desarrollado de marzo de 2019 a diciembre de 2021. Resultados: a partir del molde de prototipado, se logró representar lo abstracto a lo físico donde implementó los conceptos creados en las etapas metodológicas y realizó los ajustes necesarios para la creación del modelo como innovación tecnológica en el cual tendrá el concepto para la comercialización del producto. Conclusiones: se desarrolló una máscara de protección contra el humo quirúrgico (HeLP), desde la etapa de diseño hasta el desarrollo del prototipo, configurando una innovación tecnológica.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever uma inovação tecnológica do desenvolvimento de máscara de proteção ocupacional respiratória individual, ergonômica, sustentável e eficaz para trabalhadores expostos à fumaça cirúrgica. Métodos: pesquisa aplicada, exploratória com abordagem quantitativa, empregando métodos e ferramentas em design: Sense Intent, Know Context, Know People, Frame Insights, Explore Concepts, Frame Solutions, Realize Offerings, além das ferramentas do Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos. Foi desenvolvida no período de março de 2019 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: a partir do molde da prototipagem, tornou-se possível a representação do abstrato para o físico, onde implementou os conceitos criados nas etapas metodológicas e realizou os ajustes necessários para a criação do modelo como uma inovação tecnológica em que terá o conceito para a comercialização do produto. Conclusões: foi desenvolvida uma máscara de proteção contra a fumaça cirúrgica (HeLP), desde a etapa de projeto até o desenvolvimento do protótipo, configurando-se uma inovação tecnológica.

Association between exposure to air pollutants and hospitalization for SARS-Cov-2: an ecological time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollutants and illness by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection can cause serious pulmonary impairment. OBJECTIVE: To identify a possible association between exposure to air pollutants and hospitalizations due to SARS-Cov-2. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological time-series study carried out in Taubaté, Tremembé, and Pindamonhangaba in 2020 and 2021. METHODS: Study with Sars-Cov-2 hospitalizations with information on hospitalization date, sex and age of the subjects, duration of hospitalization, type of discharge, and costs of these hospitalizations. Statistical analysis was performed through a negative binomial regression, with data on pollutant concentrations, temperature, air relative humidity, and hospitalization date. Coefficients obtained by the analysis were transformed into relative risk for hospitalization, which estimated hospitalizations excess according to an increase in pollutant concentrations. RESULTS: There were 1,300 hospitalizations and 368 deaths, with a predominance of men (61.7%). These data represent an incidence rate of 250.4 per 100,000 inhabitants and 28.4% hospital lethality. Significant exposure (P value < 0.05) occurred seven days before hospital admission (lag 7) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (relative risk, RR = 1.0124) and two days before hospital admission for PM2.5 (RR = 1.0216). A 10 μg/m3 in NO2 concentration would decrease by 320 hospitalizations and ¼ US $ 240,000 in costs; a 5 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentration would decrease by 278 hospitalizations and ¼ US $ 190,000 in costs. CONCLUSION: An association between exposure to air pollutants and hospital admission due to Sars-Cov-2 was observed with excess hospitalization and costs for the Brazilian public health system.

Association between air pollutants and digestive system cancers: a systematic review / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the relationship between air pollutants and digestive system cancers, and to provide a reference for future research and prevention and control of digestive system cancer. Methods All relevant literature published in English between 1970-2022 was searched through the databases of PubMed, web of science and Embase, and meta-analysis was used to explore the effects of specific air pollutants on digestive system cancers. Results PM2.5 was able to increase the risk of incidence or mortality of total digestive cancers by 11% (1.05 to 1.17). For specific cancers, PM2.5 was only associated with an increased risk of liver cancer in this study, with a combined RR (95% CI) of 1.31 (1.19 to 1.46), while there was no statistically significant association with other specific digestive cancers ( P>0.05）. NO2 increased the risk of incidence or mortality of total digestive cancers by 3% (1.00 to 1.07). Conclusion For specific digestive system cancers, PM2.5 has the most pronounced effect on liver cancer. More evidence is needed to support the relationship between NO2 and cancer. Currently, it has been observed that NO2 has a negative effect on overall digestive cancers. This study provides insights for the prevention and control of digestive system cancer in countries and regions with high PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations.

Indoor Air Quality Assessment in the Office of the Transformer Manufacturing Factory in Selangor, Malaysia

@#Introduction: As humans spend 90% of their time inside, indoor air quality (IAQ) is critical for occupant health. The primary concern associated with low IAQ is its impact on employees’ health, comfort, and productivity. In accordance with the Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010 (ICOP IAQ 2010), a ten-parameter assessment was conducted in the office of the transformer manufacturing factory in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: The measured parameters are temperature, air movement, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (CH2 O), particulate matter (PM10), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), total fungal count (TFC), and total bacterial count (TBC). This study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches by distributing questionnaires (N = 42), and measuring the indoor air quality parameters with integrated equipment at selected stations and comparing them to the ICOP IAQ 2010 standard. Results: A majority of the measures, with the exception of air movement, CO2 , and TBC, complied with the ICOP IAQ 2010 standards. The one-way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) for the parameters of temperature, PM10, and TVOCs. The ChiSquare test revealed that sleepiness was a symptom of the sick building syndrome, affecting both male and female employees the most frequently and significantly. Conclusion: Air movement, CO2 , and TBC values that did not meet ICOP IAQ 2010 requirements revealed poor IAQ at the study site, which could have a negative influence on the employees’ health. To cut down on air pollution, the improvement on the ventilation system should be done to reduce the risks to the employees’ health.

Seasonal variations in daily mortality associated with exposure to particulates, in Campo Grande, Brazil / Variaciones estacionales de la mortalidad diaria asociada a la exposición a partículas, en Campo Grande, Brasil / Variações sazonais na mortalidade diária associada à exposição a partículas, em Campo Grande, Brasil

Obcjetive: to investigate short-term effects of air pollution, climate variability on respiratory morbidity and mortality from 2005 to 2020. Method: the study was carried out in the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Daily counts of hospital admissions from 2005 to 2020 were analyzed in relation to daily variations in atmospheric pollutants (NO2, O3) from the Aurea satellite column, OMI sensor. Poisson regression in generalized additive models was used for analysis. The models were adjusted for the effects of temporal trend, seasonality, meteorological factorsand autocorrelation. Results: there was, in the period, an increasing trend in mortality rates and hospital admissions, with an increase in the proportion of deaths from respiratory diseases in relation to other causes. Conclusion: respiratory diseases are worrying causes of hospitalization and death in the population. The results found are consistent with studies that point to an association between short-term variations in air pollutants and the increase in morbidity and mortality in large urban centers.

Objetivo:investigar los efectos a corto plazo de lacontaminación del aire, la variabilidad climática en la morbilidad y mortalidad respiratoria de 2005 a 2020. Método:el estudio se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Se analizaron los conteos diarios de ingresos hospitalarios de 2005 a 2020 en relación con las variaciones diarias de contaminantes atmosféricos (NO2, O3) de la columna del satélite Aurea, sensor OMI. Para el análisis se utilizó la regresión de Poisson en modelos aditivos generalizados. Los modelos fueron ajustados por los efectos de tendencia temporal, estacionalidad, factores meteorológicos y autocorrelación. Resultados:hubo, en el período, una tendencia creciente en las tasas de mortalidad e ingresos hospitalarios, con aumento en la proporción de muertes por enfermedades respiratorias en relación a otras causas. Conclusión:las enfermedades respiratorias son causas preocupantesde hospitalización y muerte en la población. Las acciones de prevención y atención de estas causas, así como la profundización de la investigación etiológica, deben ser priorizadas en el actual contexto epidemiológico de salud en Brasil. Los resultados encontrados son consistentes con estudios que apuntan a una asociación entre las variaciones a corto plazo de los contaminantes atmosféricos y el aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad en los grandes centros urbanos.

Objetivo:investigar os efeitos a curto prazo da poluição do ar, variabilidade climática na morbimortalidade respiratória entre os anos de 2005 a 2020. Método: o estudo foi realizado na cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. As contagens diárias de internações hospitalares entre os anos de 2005 a 2020 foram analisadas em relação às variações diárias de poluentes atmosféricos (NO2, O3) da coluna satélite Aurea, sensor OMI. A regressão de Poisson em modelos aditivos generalizados foi utilizada para análise. Os modelos foram ajustados pelos efeitos de tendência temporal, sazonalidade, fatores meteorológicos e autocorrelação. Resultados: houve, no período, tendência crescente nas taxas de mortalidade e internações hospitalares, com aumento da proporção de óbitos por doenças respiratórias em relação a outras causas. Conclusão: as doenças respiratórias são causas preocupantes de hospitalização e morte na população. Ações de prevenção e atenção a essas causas, bem como a investigação etiológica , devem ser priorizadas no atual contexto epidemiológico da saúde no Brasil. Os resultados encontrados são consistentes com estudos que apontam para uma associação entre as variações de curto prazo dos poluentesatmosféricos e o aumento da morbimortalidade nos grandes centros urbanos.

Impacto das mudanças climáticas e da qualidade do ar em hospitalizações por doenças respiratórias em municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), Brasil / Impact of climate change and air quality on hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos das mudanças climáticas na saúde respiratória nos municípios de Santo André e São Caetano do Sul. Foram analisados dados meteorológicos históricos (temperatura, precipitação, umidade relativa e pressão atmosférica), de qualidade do ar (concentrações de MP10 e O3) e de saúde respiratória (taxas de incidência de internações por doenças respiratórias - TIIDR), relacionados através de modelos estatísticos de Regressão Linear Múltipla (RLM). Dados meteorológicos de projeções climáticas futuras (2019-2099) de três modelos climáticos (um global e dois regionalizados) em dois cenários de emissão foram aplicados aos modelos de RLM. Os resultados das projeções mostraram um aumento de até 10% nas TIIDR em relação aos níveis atuais para São Caetano do Sul no período de 2070-2099. Em Santo André as projeções indicaram redução de até 26% nas TIIDR. A variável de maior peso nos modelos de RLM de Santo André foi a temperatura (-2,15x) indicando que o aquecimento é inversamente proporcional ao aumento nas TIIDR, enquanto em São Caetano do Sul a pressão atmosférica teve o maior peso (2,44x). Para próximos trabalhos recomenda-se a inclusão de projeções futuras de concentrações de poluentes atmosféricos.

Abstract The scope of this study was to analyze the possible impacts of climate change on respiratory health in the municipalities of Santo André and São Caetano do Sul. Historical meteorological data (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure), air quality data (concentrations of PM10 and O3) and respiratory health data (incidence rates of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases - IRHRD) were related through statistical models of Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Meteorological data from future climate projections (2019-2099) from three different climate models (one global and two regionalized) in two emission scenarios were applied to the MLR models. The results showed that the IRHRD will suffer an increase of up to 10% in relation to the current levels for São Caetano do Sul in the 2070-2099 period. In Santo André, projections indicated a reduction of up to 26% in IRHRD. The most important variable in the MLR models for Santo André was temperature (-2,15x), indicating an inverse relationship between global warming and an increase in IRHRD, while in São Caetano the atmospheric pressure had the greatest weight (2.44x). For future studies, the inclusion of future projections of PM10 concentrations is recommended.

Impact of Pollen Counts and Air Pollution Over Hospital Visits for Respiratory Illnesses in North Delhi Region

Background. Ambient aeroallergens and organic or inorganic air pollutants are known to cause asthma exacerbation and subsequent asthma-related hospital admissions. Methods. This study was carried out to study the impact of meteorological factors, air pollution, pollens over hospital visits for respiratory illness in north Delhi region from July 2014 to June 2015. Daily monitoring of pollen grains was done on the roof of the multistorey building (height up to 20m) of the Institute. Meteorological factors including temperature, relative humidity, and precipitations were recorded daily. Daily concentrations of nitric dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were also recorded. Number of hospital visits of patients with respiratory illness were assessed in relation to air pollutants (NO2, SO2 and PM2.5) and climate change (temperature, relative humidity and rain). Results. During the study period, 113,462 pollen counts were recorded. Two highest peaks of mean pollen counts were observed in post-monsoon season (October-2014) and in the spring season (March 2015). The maximum and minimum pollen concentration was observed in the month of March 2015 (18818/m3) and August 2014 (4731/m3). Our results showed that pollen numbers significantly correlated with respiratory emergency department patient visits (P=0.037, r=0.604), and temperature and humidity (P=0.711, r=-120, and (P=0.670, r=-0.137), respectively. NO2 significantly correlated with SO2, respiratory emergency department patient visits and new respiratory OPD patients (P=0.017, r=0.670, P=0.031, r=0.622 and P=0.016, r=0.675, respectively). A statistically significant correlation between rainfall and SO2 was observed (P=0.004, r=-0.757) in the present study. Conclusion. Our study suggests that significant increase in pollen concentration and air pollutants in the ambient environment causes respiratory illness.

Determination of concentrations of indoor air pollutants emitted from briquette combustion / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#This field assessment was performed to ensure the effective implementation of Order No. A/142 of the Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia dated 30^th December 2021 and Order No. A/01 of the Head of the National Committee for Reducing Environmental Pollution dated 3^rd January 2022 and to monitor the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from traditional stoves and standard stoves. @*Purpose@#To determine the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from briquette combustion and to develop recommendations by comparing various types of stoves and dwellings. @*Materials and Methods@#Through analytical cross-sectional designs, three households from Songinokhairkhan district and one household from Chingeltei district were selected to participate in this assessment as they use briquettes for heating, vary in their dwelling types (ger (traditional Mongolian tent), house) and their stove types (traditional, standard), stay home during the day and chose to participate in the assessment. 24-hour continuous measurements were conducted for each dwelling and before taking measurements, we calibrated and adjusted the air suction velocity of the measuring instrument at the Central Metrology Laboratory. The monitor was placed at a distance of 0.5m from the stove and a height of 0.5-1.0m from the floor. The results were then compared with the Mongolian National Standard “General air quality and technical requirements MNS4585:2016” and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 software, mean, ANOVA test, and if the p-value is less than 0.05, our results are statistically significant.@*Results@#The concentration level of SO₂ in houses with “Dul” stoves was within the level specified in the Mongolian standard MNS4585: 2016 and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021, while 24-hour SO₂ concentration in gers and houses with traditional stoves was 1.3-2.92 times higher than the standards. The 24-hour average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in houses with traditional stoves was 1.73 times higher than the Mongolian air quality standard MNS4585: 2016. There were statistically significant differences in the emission levels of SO₂ and NO₂ depending on dwelling and stove types (df=4, f=4.04, p=0.008 and df=4, f=17.17, p=0.001, respectively.). The 8-hour average (10,000 μg/m3) CO concentration was statistically significant for various types of dwellings and stoves (df=4, f=45.17, p=0.001), whereas there was a statistically significant difference in CO concentrations in gers with traditional stoves and gers with standard stoves in terms of morning, afternoon, and evening hours (df=3, f=33.17, p=0.001). @*Conclusion@#Indoor air pollutants in the households except for houses with “Dul” stoves have been determined to exceed the air quality standards set by the Mongolian air quality standards and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021.

Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of air pollutants in Xi'an during 2017-2020 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of six common air pollutants in Xi'an, and to provide a scientific basis for the environmental protection departments to conduct targeted prevention and control. Methods Based on air pollution monitoring data with high temporal resolution, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of six common air pollutants in Xi'an were analyzed, and the correlation between the pollutants was studied. Results Except for O3_8h, the annual average concentrations of the other five air pollutants decreased year by year. By 2020, the annual average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 still exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentration of NO2 was slightly higher than the first-level concentration limit, and the number of unqualified days of O3_8h accounted for one-tenth of the entire year. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, and NO2 all were the highest in winter, equivalent in spring and autumn, and the lowest in summer. The concentration of O3_8h generally presented the characteristics of summer > spring > autumn > winter. In 2020, the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in 9 urban areas exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentrations of NO2 in Xincheng District, Lianhu District, Beilin District, and Yanta District all exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentration of O3_8h in Beilin District, Chang'an District, and Yanliang District all exceeded the average level of Xi'an. PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, and NO2 in general showed a positive correlation in varying degrees. In summer, O3_8h showed a positive correlation with other air pollutants, but a negative correlation in other seasons. Conclusion The air pollution situation in Xi'an has been improving year by year, but the pollution of PM2.5, PM10, and O3_8h still exceeds the standard, which will be the focus of long-term prevention and control of air pollution in Xi'an.

Study on the correlation between air pollution and acute cerebrovascular diseases in Jining / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, and NO2, and their effects on acute cerebrovascular diseases in Jining City. Methods The data of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease treated in a 3A hospital in Jining from October 1, 2017, to November 31, 2019, were retrospectively collected. Combined with the air pollution data of 29 air quality monitoring stations in Jining City, the Kriging interpolation model was used to analyze the overall situation of air pollution in Jining. On this basis, the relationship between air pollution and acute cerebrovascular diseases in Jining City was analyzed. Results In Jining City, the incidence of acute cerebrovascular disease in male was higher than that in female, and the incidence in rural areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas. The spatial distribution showed a trend of gradual accumulation from southeast to northwest. The daily average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. The results of Kriging interpolation analysis showed that the concentrations of these air pollutants formed aggregation points in varying degrees. The spatial distribution of acute cerebrovascular disease patients in Jining City was highly consistent with the spatial distribution of air pollutant concentrations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that CO, SO2, and NO2 were positively correlated with the incidence of acute cerebrovascular disease, while the correlation between PM2.5 and PM10 and the incidence of acute cerebrovascular disease was not significant. Conclusion Some air pollutants such as CO, SO2, and NO2 have a positive correlation with the incidence of acute cerebrovascular disease, and the prevalence has a certain population and regional distribution. In the future work of cerebrovascular disease prevention, personal protection should be done according to local conditions and living environment of specific people.

Short-term effects and seasonal variation of ozone on daily hospital outpatient visits for childhood asthma in Lanzhou / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the effects of ozone (O3) concentrations measured with different approaches across different seasons on the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits, as well as the differentiation of such effects across different groups of patients.@*METHODS@#The outpatient data of three grade A tertiary hospitals in Lanzhou City spanning from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2017, as well as air pollution and meteorological data during the same period were collected. Considering the nonlinear relationship between O3 concentrations and the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits and meteorological factors, a generalized additive temporal sequence model was employed to analyze the short-term association between changes in O3 concentrations and the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits. Taking into account of the variations in O3 concentrations within 1 day, this study adopted different measurement approaches to address the three types of O3 exposures, namely, the maximum 1 h daily concentration (O3max1h), the maximum 8 h daily concentration (O38h) and the mean 24 h daily concentration (O324h) as the short term exposure indicators to O3, followed by a model-based analysis.@*RESULTS@#The increase in short-term exposure levels to O3 in summer had a significant effect on the increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits. With lag0 for the current day, every 10 μg/m3 increase in atmospheric concentration of O3max1h was associated with an increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits by 3.351% (95%CI: 1.231%-5.516%); for every 10 μg/m3 increase in O38h concentration, the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits increased by 3.320% (95%CI: 0.197%-3.829%); for every 10 μg/m3increase in O324h concentration, the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits in summer increased by 6.600% (95%CI: 0.914%-12.607%); moreover, an increase in exposure to O3max1h also led to a significant rise in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits among the males.@*CONCLUSION@#The increase in short-term exposure levels to O3 in summer in Lanzhou City has a significant effect on the increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits; O3max1h is more closely correlated with the increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits.

Years of life lost due to premature deaths associated with air pollution: an ecological time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollutants is associated with hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases and premature deaths. OBJECTIVE: To estimate years of life lost (YLL) due to premature deaths and their financial costs. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological time-series study carried out in São José dos Campos, Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: Data on deaths among residents of this city in 2016 were assessed to estimate the financial cost of premature deaths associated with air pollution. The diagnoses studied were ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and cerebrovascular disease, according to YLL. The fractions attributable to deaths associated with air pollutant exposure and to each potential year of life lost were calculated using negative binomial regression with lags of 0-7 days between exposure and outcome. Nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter (PM10) and ozone concentrations were included in the model and adjusted for temperature, humidity and seasonality. RESULTS: Exposure to particulate matter was significant at lag 3 days. There were 2177 hospitalizations over the study period, with 201 deaths (9.2%). Premature deaths led to 2035.69 years of life lost. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 concentrations was correlated with 8.0% of the hospitalizations, which corresponded to 152.67 YLL (81.67 for males and 71.00 for females). The cost generated was approximately US$ 9.1 million in 2016. CONCLUSION: In this first study conducted in a medium-sized Brazilian city, using the YLL methodology, we identified an excess expense attributable to air pollution.

Calidad del Aire y Enfermedades Respiratorias bajo Diversos Esquemas de Circulación Vial en Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia) / Air Quality and Respiratory Diseases under Different Vehicular Restrictions Systems in Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia) / Qualidade do ar e doenças respiratórias em vários esquemas de circulação rodoviária Introdução em Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia)

Resumen Introducción. En 2017, la ciudad de Bucaramanga ensayó diversos esquemas de restricción vehicular para mejorar la movilidad y calidad del aire. Estos esquemas fueron: libre circulación (PP0), restricción limitada (PP1) y restricción ampliada (PP2). Objetivo. de este estudio fue comparar los niveles de material particulado (PM10) y de ozono troposférico (O3) en estos tres esquemas, y evaluar su efecto sobre la calidad del aire, así como el impacto de dicha calidad sobre la incidencia de enfermedades respiratorias. Materiales y Métodos. La información sobre variables meteorológicas y niveles de contaminantes por hora y día pertenece al Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia. Las estadísticas de enfermedades respiratorias corresponden a la Secretaría de Salud y Ambiente de Bucaramanga. Toda la información corresponde al año 2017. La comparación de los niveles de contaminantes se hizo con base en estadísticas descriptivas, pruebas ANOVA y funciones de densidad. El análisis de los factores que afectan la incidencia de enfermedades respiratorias se basó en un modelo de regresión de Poisson, con las variables climatológicas combinadas en factores obtenidos a través de análisis de componentes principales. Resultados. El ANOVA indicó diferencias significativas en niveles promedio de PM10 entre esquemas de movilidad. Las funciones de densidad muestran una sustancial reducción de PM10 bajo PP2. En el modelo de Poisson, O3 resultó estadísticamente no significativo; el número de casos de enfermedades respiratorias atendidos en centros hospitalarios fue significativamente inferior en PP2 y se decrece con una disminución de PM10. Conclusiones. PP2 permite 48 % de ganancia ambiental en cuanto a emisiones de PM10; bajo PP1 esta ganancia es inferior al 3 %. Ningún esquema contribuye a reducir las ya bajas concentraciones de O3. Una caída del 10 % en los niveles de PM10 disminuye el número de casos de enfermedades respiratorios en 5,6 %. El estudio favorece la adopción del esquema PP2.

Abstract Introduction. In 2017, the city of Bucaramanga attempted different vehicle restriction systems to improve traffic flow and air quality. These systems were: free circulation (PP0), limited restriction (PP1), and extended restriction (PP2). Objective. of this study was to compare the levels of the particulate matter (PM10) and tropospheric ozone (O3) through the three systems and evaluate their effect on air quality and its impact on the incidence of respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods. The information on meteorology variables and levels of pollutants per hour and day was provided by the Colombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies. The statistics on respiratory diseases were provided by the Ministry of Health and Environment of Bucaramanga. All statistical information relates to the year 2017. The comparison of levels of air pollutant was based on descriptive statistics, ANOVA tests, and density functions. The analysis of the factors affecting the incidence of respiratory diseases relied on a Poisson regression model, with meteorology variables combined into factors based on principal component analysis. Results. ANOVA indicates significant differences in average levels of PM10 among sytems. Density functions show a substantial reduction of PM10 under PP2. In the Poisson model, O3 ended up being not statistically significant; the number of cases of respiratory diseases was significantly lower under PP2 and decreases with the level of PM10. Conclusions. The PP2 scheme allows a 48 % environmental gain in PM10; under PP1 this gain is less than 3 %. None of the schemes seems to contribute to reducing the already low concentrations of O3. A 10 % reduction in PM10 reduces the number of reported cases of respiratory diseases by 5.6 %. The study supports the adoption of the PP2 system.

Resumo Introduçao. Em 2017, a cidade de Bucaramanga testou vários esquemas de restrição de veículos para melhorar a mobilidade e a qualidade do ar: livre circulação (PP0), restrição limitada (PP1) e restrição estendida (PP2). Objetivo. deste estudo foi comparar os níveis de material particulado (PM10) e ozônio troposférico (O3) nesses três esquemas para avaliar o efeito na qualidade do ar e o impacto na incidência de doenças respiratórias. Métodos. A informação sobre as variáveis meteorológicas e níveis de poluentes por hora e dia pertencem ao Instituto de Hidrologia, Meteorologia e Estudos Ambientais da Colômbia. As estatísticas de doenças respiratórias correspondem à Secretaria da Saúde e Meio Ambiente da cidade de Bucaramanga. Toda a informação utilizada corresponde ao ano de 2017. A comparação dos níveis de contaminantes foi feita com base em estatística descritiva, testes ANOVA e funções de densidade. A análise dos fatores que afetam a incidência de doenças respiratórias foi baseada no modelo de regressão de Poisson, com as variáveis climáticas agrupadas em fatores obtidos por meio da análise dos componentes principais. Resultados. A prova ANOVA indica diferenças significativas nos níveis médios de PM10. As funções de densidade mostram uma redução substancial de PM10 em PP2. No modelo de Poisson, o O3 mostrou-se não significativo; O número de casos de doenças tratadas em centros hospitalares foi significativamente menor no PP2 e é reduzido com uma diminuição no PM10. Conclusões. O PP2 permite ganho ambiental de 48 % no PM10; no PP1, esse ganho é inferior a 3 %. Nenhum esquema ajuda a reduzir as já baixas concentrações de O3. Uma queda de 10 % nos níveis de PM10 diminui o número de casos de doenças respiratórias em 5,6 %. Assim sendo, este estudo favorece a adoção do esquema PP2.

Revisión del impacto del sector ladrillero sobre el ambiente y la salud humana en México / Environmental and human health effects caused by the Mexican bricks factories

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el trabajo precario en el sector ladrillero de México, sus efectos en salud e intervenciones. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sobre el sector ladrillero, así como su impacto en la salud y los estudios de exposición que se han realizado en México en bases de datos y sitios gubernamentales con restricción de idioma inglés y español. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron "trabajo precario", "contaminación por ladrilleras", "efectos en salud" e "intervenciones". Resultados: Existen pocos trabajos que señalen la exposición ambiental y biológica en el sector ladrillero del país. Se encontraron diversas intervenciones en el sector para reducir los impactos ambientales y de salud, sin embargo, no se enfocan directamente en el trabajador y sus familias. Conclusión: Las zonas ladrilleras presentan altos niveles de contaminación. Se requiere de información que refleje la exposición a mezclas de sustancias tóxicas en trabajadores, familias y población aledaña a estas zonas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the precarious conditions of the workers on the Mexican brick sector and their effects on health and possible intervention projects. Materials and methods: A review of databases and government sites (with English and Spanish language restrictions) was carried out to correlate the human health injury caused by the bricks factories' pollution. Exposure and health impact studies carried out in Mexico were analyzed. Keywords corresponding "precarious work", "brick pollution", "health effects" and "interventions" were used in the database search. Results: We found only a few studies that described environmental and biological effects caused by the brick sector in Mexico. Regarding intervention programs published until this year, our analysis indicates that these projects have the aim to reduce the environmental impacts but not ameliorate the health of the brick factories workers and their families. Conclusions: High levels of pollution were described in brick factories' areas. New studies are required to explore the effects of mixtures toxic substances over health workers, his families, and surrounding factories' population.